Early Intervention in Children with Developmental Disabilities
Abstract
Developmental disabilities consist of conditions that delay or impair the physical, cognitive, and/or psychological development of children. If not intervened at the earliest, these disabilities will cause significant negative impact on multiple domains of functioning such as learning, language, self-care and capacity for independent living. Common developmental disabilities include autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disabilities, developmental delay and cerebral palsy. About one fourth of young children in developing countries are at risk for or have developmental delay or disabilities. Inadequate stimulation has significant negative impact on physical, socioemotional and cognitive development of children. Hence early scientific intervention programs are necessary in the management of children at risk for developmental delay.References
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2. Brown SE, Guralnick MJ. International Human Rights to Early Intervention for Infants and Young Children with Disabilities: Tools for Global Advocacy. Infants Young Child. 2012 Oct-Dec;25(4):270-285.
3. Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH, Juffer F. Earlier is better: a meta-analysis of 70 years of intervention improving cognitive development in institutionalized children. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2008;73(3):279-93.
4. Christensen DL, Bilder DA, Zahorodny W, Pettygrove S, Durkin MS, Fitzgerald RT, Rice C, Kurzius-Spencer M, Baio J, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among 4-Year-Old Children in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2016 Jan;37(1):1-8.
5. Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Blumberg SJ. Estimated Prevalence of Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Following Questionnaire Changes in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey. Natl Health Stat Report. 2015 Nov 13;(87):1-20.
6. Maulik PK, Mascarenhas MN, Mathers CD, Dua T, Saxena S. Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Res Dev Disabil. 2011 Mar-Apr;32(2):419-36.
7. van Bakel M, Einarsson I, Arnaud C, Craig S, Michelsen SI, Pildava S, Uldall P, Cans C. Monitoring the prevalence of severe intellectual disability in children across Europe: feasibility of a common database. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014 Apr;56(4):361-9.
8. Simpson GA, Colpe L, Greenspan S. Measuring functional developmental delay in infants and young children: prevalence rates from the NHIS-D. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2003 Jan;17(1):68-80.
9. Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, Jetté N, Pringsheim T. An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013 Jun;55(6):509-19.
10. Irwin Lg, Siddiqi A, Hertzman C. Early Child Development: A Powerful Equalizer. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2007. Available at: http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/ecd_kn_report_07_2007.pdf
11. Nelson CA 3rd, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Marshall PJ, Smyke AT, Guthrie D. Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1937-40.
12. Shonkoff JP. Building a new biodevelopmental framework to guide the future of early childhood policy. Child Dev. 2010 Jan-Feb;81(1):357-67.
13. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman SL, Baker-Henningham H, Chang SM, Hamadani JD, Lozoff B, Gardner JM, Powell CA, Rahman A, Richter L. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet. 2011 Oct 8;378(9799):1325-38.
14. McDermott JM, Troller-Renfree S, Vanderwert R, Nelson CA, Zeanah CH, Fox NA. Psychosocial deprivation, executive functions, and the emergence of socio-emotional behavior problems. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 May 10;7:167.
15. Roberts C, Mazzucchelli T, Studman L, Sanders MR. Behavioral family intervention for children with developmental disabilities and behavioral problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2006 Jun;35(2):180-93.
16. Levin AR, Zeanah CH Jr, Fox NA, Nelson CA. Motor outcomes in children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation. J Pediatr. 2014 Jan;164(1):123-129.e1.
17. Bos KJ, Fox N, Zeanah CH, Nelson III CA. Effects of early psychosocial deprivation on the development of memory and executive function. Front Behav Neurosci. 2009 Sep 1;3:16.
