Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies in Routine Antenatal Ultrasound
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the antenatal prevalence of major congenital anomalies in the hospital population.Study design: Cross sectional observational.Setting: Department of fetal medicine of Baby Memorial Hospital Calicut, India.Duration: 10 months from November 2015 to August 2016.Sample size: 2312Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of all antenatal patients who underwent obstetric ultrasound was done. During the study period 5390 obstetric ultrasound examinations were performed for 2312 patients. Data was analysed from all the antenatal ultrasound examinations to determine the prevalence of congenital anomalies. Data was entered into excel data sheet and appropriate statistical analysis was performed.Results: 38 cases of congenital anomalies were diagnosed. The antenatal prevalence of congenital anomalies was 16.43 per 1000 and 1.6%.The median maternal age at diagnosis was 26.7 years. The median gestational age at diagnosis was 21weeks+/_3days. Central nervous system, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal anomalies were the most prevalent. Conclusion: The prevalence of major congenital anomalies in the study population was 1.6%. Central nervous system anomalies were the most common, followed by cardio vascular and genitourinary system anomalies.References
1. Ruth A. Hannon (2010). Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states (1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 128. ISBN 9781605477817.
2. Kalter H, Warkany J. Congenital malformations (second of two parts) N Engl J Med. 1983;308:491–497.
3. Kalter H, Warkany J. Congenital malformations (first of two parts) N Engl J Med. 1983;308:424–431.
4. Patel ZM, Adhia RA, Birth defects surveillance study, year 2005 .Indian J Pediatr 2005 Jun;72(6) :489-491
5. "Birth Defects". Dec 15, 2015. Retrieved 17 Jan 2016.
6. Canfield MA, Honein MA, Yuskiv N, Xing J, Mai CT, Collins JS, Devine O, Petrini J, Ramadhani TA, Hobbs CA, Kirby RS, Neonatal estimates and race/ethnic specific variations of selected birth defects in the United States 1999-2001. Birth defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2006 Nov; 76(11) :747-756.
7. Bhat BV, Ravikumara M. Perinatal mortality in India-Need for introspection. Indian J Matern Child Health. 1996;7:31–3.
8.  Agarwal SS, Singh U, Singh PS, Singh SS, Das V, Sharma A, et al. Prevalence and spectrum of congenital malformations in a prospective study at a teaching hospital. Indian J Med Res. 1991;94:413–9.
9. Moore KL, Persaud TVN: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,2002
10. Lin AE , Herring AH, Amstutz KS, Westgate MN, Lacro RV , Al-Jufan M, Ryan L, Holmes LB. Cardiovascular malformations :Changes in prevalence and birth status,1972-1990.Am J Med Genet 1999 May 21; 84(2) :102-110.
11. Cienters for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects-United States ,1999-2001.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006 Jan 6 ; 54(51) :1301-1305.
12. WenSW, Liu S, Joseph KS, Rouleau J , Allen A, Pqtterns of infant mortality caused by major congenital anomalies. Teratology 2000 May; 6(5): 342-346.
13.  Birch MR, Grayson N, Sullivan EA. AIHW Cat. No. PER 23. Birth Anomalies Series No. 1. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit; 2004. Recommendations for development of a new Australian birth anomalies system: A review of the congenital malformations and birth defects data collection.
14.  Mohanty C, Mishra OP, Das BK, Bhatia BD, Singh G. Congenital malformations in newborns: A study of 10,874 consecutive births. J Anat Soc India. 1989;38:101–11.
15.  Chaturvedi P, Banerjee KS. Spectrum of congenital malformations in the newborns from rural Maharashtra. Indian J Pediatr. 1989;56:501–7.Â
16.  Taksande A, Vilhekar K, Chaturvedi P, Jain M. Congenital malformations at birth in Central India: A rural medical college hospital based data. Indian J Hum Genet. 2010;16:159–63.
17. Khatemi F, Mamoori GA. Survey of congenital major malformations in 10/000 newborns. Iran J Pediatr.2005;15:315–20.
18. Dutta V, Chaturvedi P. Congenital malformations in rural Maharashtra. Indian Pediatr. 2000;37:998–1001.
19. Gupta RK, Singh A, Gupta R. Pattern of congenital anomalies in newborn at birth: A hospital based prospective study. Proceedings of the 42nd National Conference of Indian Academy of Pediatrics (Pedicon); Jan 6-9; Kolkata, India. 2005.
20. Swain S, Agrawal A, Bhatia BD. Congenital malformations at birth. Indian Pediatr. 1994;31:1187–91.
21. Tibrewala NS, Pai PM. Congenital malformations in the newborn period. Indian Pediatr. 1974;11:403–7.
22. Mishra PC, Baweja R. Congenital malformations in the newborns. A prospective study. Indian Pediatr.1989;26:32–5.Â
23.  Verma M, Chhatwal J, Singh D. Congenital malformations - A retrospective study of 10,000 cases.Indian J Pediatr. 1991;58:245–52.Â
24. Mathur BC, Karan S, Vijaya Devi KK. Congenital malformations in the newborn. Indian Pediatr.1975;12:179–]
25. Suguna Bai NS, Mascarene M, Syamalan K, Nair PM. An etiological study of congenital malformation in the newborn. Indian Pediatr. 1982;19:1003–7.
2. Kalter H, Warkany J. Congenital malformations (second of two parts) N Engl J Med. 1983;308:491–497.
3. Kalter H, Warkany J. Congenital malformations (first of two parts) N Engl J Med. 1983;308:424–431.
4. Patel ZM, Adhia RA, Birth defects surveillance study, year 2005 .Indian J Pediatr 2005 Jun;72(6) :489-491
5. "Birth Defects". Dec 15, 2015. Retrieved 17 Jan 2016.
6. Canfield MA, Honein MA, Yuskiv N, Xing J, Mai CT, Collins JS, Devine O, Petrini J, Ramadhani TA, Hobbs CA, Kirby RS, Neonatal estimates and race/ethnic specific variations of selected birth defects in the United States 1999-2001. Birth defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2006 Nov; 76(11) :747-756.
7. Bhat BV, Ravikumara M. Perinatal mortality in India-Need for introspection. Indian J Matern Child Health. 1996;7:31–3.
8.  Agarwal SS, Singh U, Singh PS, Singh SS, Das V, Sharma A, et al. Prevalence and spectrum of congenital malformations in a prospective study at a teaching hospital. Indian J Med Res. 1991;94:413–9.
9. Moore KL, Persaud TVN: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,2002
10. Lin AE , Herring AH, Amstutz KS, Westgate MN, Lacro RV , Al-Jufan M, Ryan L, Holmes LB. Cardiovascular malformations :Changes in prevalence and birth status,1972-1990.Am J Med Genet 1999 May 21; 84(2) :102-110.
11. Cienters for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects-United States ,1999-2001.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006 Jan 6 ; 54(51) :1301-1305.
12. WenSW, Liu S, Joseph KS, Rouleau J , Allen A, Pqtterns of infant mortality caused by major congenital anomalies. Teratology 2000 May; 6(5): 342-346.
13.  Birch MR, Grayson N, Sullivan EA. AIHW Cat. No. PER 23. Birth Anomalies Series No. 1. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit; 2004. Recommendations for development of a new Australian birth anomalies system: A review of the congenital malformations and birth defects data collection.
14.  Mohanty C, Mishra OP, Das BK, Bhatia BD, Singh G. Congenital malformations in newborns: A study of 10,874 consecutive births. J Anat Soc India. 1989;38:101–11.
15.  Chaturvedi P, Banerjee KS. Spectrum of congenital malformations in the newborns from rural Maharashtra. Indian J Pediatr. 1989;56:501–7.Â
16.  Taksande A, Vilhekar K, Chaturvedi P, Jain M. Congenital malformations at birth in Central India: A rural medical college hospital based data. Indian J Hum Genet. 2010;16:159–63.
17. Khatemi F, Mamoori GA. Survey of congenital major malformations in 10/000 newborns. Iran J Pediatr.2005;15:315–20.
18. Dutta V, Chaturvedi P. Congenital malformations in rural Maharashtra. Indian Pediatr. 2000;37:998–1001.
19. Gupta RK, Singh A, Gupta R. Pattern of congenital anomalies in newborn at birth: A hospital based prospective study. Proceedings of the 42nd National Conference of Indian Academy of Pediatrics (Pedicon); Jan 6-9; Kolkata, India. 2005.
20. Swain S, Agrawal A, Bhatia BD. Congenital malformations at birth. Indian Pediatr. 1994;31:1187–91.
21. Tibrewala NS, Pai PM. Congenital malformations in the newborn period. Indian Pediatr. 1974;11:403–7.
22. Mishra PC, Baweja R. Congenital malformations in the newborns. A prospective study. Indian Pediatr.1989;26:32–5.Â
23.  Verma M, Chhatwal J, Singh D. Congenital malformations - A retrospective study of 10,000 cases.Indian J Pediatr. 1991;58:245–52.Â
24. Mathur BC, Karan S, Vijaya Devi KK. Congenital malformations in the newborn. Indian Pediatr.1975;12:179–]
25. Suguna Bai NS, Mascarene M, Syamalan K, Nair PM. An etiological study of congenital malformation in the newborn. Indian Pediatr. 1982;19:1003–7.
