Heart Failure Management - Evolution Over The Ages
Abstract
The simplest definition of heart failure is “A condition in which the heart fails to discharge its contents adequately". Even though the prevalence is quoted at 4 – 20 / 1000 population, in the elderly above 65 years, the figures may exceed 100/1000. After the age of 45, it is found that the relative incidence of heart failure which is approximately 1 – 5 /1000, double for each decade of life. As modernization increases and healthcare improves over the years, the prevalence of heart failure also increases due to the increase in longevity of individuals.References
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15. Cohn JN, Tognoni G for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. An randomized Trial of the Angiotensin Receptor blocker Valsartan in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 : 345: 1667-1675.
16. McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS et al: Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014. 371: 993-1004.
17. Felker GM, O’Connor CM: Inotropic therapy for heart failure: an evidence based approach. Am Heart J 2001: 142 : 393-401.
18. Cuffe MS, Califf R, Adams KF et al: The Outcomes of a Prospective Trial in Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic heart failure (OPTIME-CHF) Investigators. Short term Intravenous Milrinone for acute exacerbations of chronic heart failure. A randomized control trial. JAMA. 2002: 287: 1541-1547.
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20. Swedberg K, Komajda M Bohm M et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heat failure (SHIFT) A randomized placebo controlled study. Lancet 2010 Sep 11 376: 875-885.
21. Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D et al: A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: insights from mechanical activation strain mapping. J Amer Coll Cardiol. 2004. 44. 1619-1625.
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25. Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, Bochmer JP et al. The Heart Failure Soceity of America Executive Summary. HFSA 2010 comprehensice practice guidelines. J Card Fail 2010. June 16, (6) e: 1-194.
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27. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk of ventricular arrhythmia. Mutlicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996. 355: 1933-1940.
28. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ . Prophylactic Implantation of defibrillator in patient with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002. 346 : 877-883.
29. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB. Amiodarone or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jan 20. 352: 225-237.
30. Kenneth D, Vardas PE, Angelo A et al. 2010 Focused Update of ESC guidelines on device therapy in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Nov. 12: 1143-1153.
31. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013: 62(16). e147 –e 239.
32. Domian IJ, Buikema JW, de Boer RA, van der Meer P. Stem Cells in Heart Failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010. Jul 12: 642-644.
33. Strauer BE, Yousef M, Schannwell CM. The STAR Heart Study. The acute and long term effects on intracoronary stem cell transfusion in 191 patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010: 12: 721-729.
34. Jaski BE, Jessup ML, Mancini DM et al. Calcium Upregulation by Percutaneous administration of gene therapy in cardiac disease.(CUPID Trial). A first-in-human phase 1/2, clinical trial. J Card Fail. 2009. 15: 171-181.
2. Miller M, Ancient Origins: Reconstruction the story of humanities past: 2015 Aug 29: 14 :54 ebooks
3. Allam AH, Thompson RC, Wann LC et al. Atherosclerosis in Egyptian mummies. The Horus Study : . J Amer Coll Cardiol 2011 4 (4) 315-327.
4. Saba MM, Ventura HO, Saleh M, Mehra MR: Ancient Egyptian Medicine and the concept of heart failure: J Card Fail. 2006 Aug 12 (6): 416-421.
5. Katz AM, Katz PB. Diseases of the Heart in the works of Hippocrates. Br Heart J. 1962 May 24 (3) 257-264.
6. Rubens-Dural A, Guillemin J: Illness and death of Alexis I Comnenus. . Sem Hop.1970 Dec 20 : 46(52) 3477-3482 .
7. Ventura HD, Mehra MR: Bloodletting as a cure for dropsy : Heart failure down the ages: J Cardiac Failure 2005 May 11; (4) 247-252.
8. Walsh AC Moyes A: Intractable congestive heart failure successfully treated with Southey Tubes: Can Med Assoc J. 1964 June 13; 90 (24)1429-1435.
9. Normal JM : William Withering and the Purple foxglove: A Bicentennial tribute. J Clin Pharmacol. Oct 1985. 25: no 7. 479-483.
10. Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Varnauskas E et al: Effect of Chronic beta adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1975: 37: 1022-1036.
11. Swedberg K, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F et al. Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy in beta receptor blockade. Lancet. 1979: 1: 1374 – 1376.
12. Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg K et al. Beneficial effects of Metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Metoprolol in Dilated cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Group. Lancet 1993: 342. 1441 – 1446.
13. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in congestive cardiac failure: Result of a Veterans Administrative Cooperative study. N. Engl J Med. 1986. 314: 1547-1552.
14. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group Effects of Enalapril on Mortality in Severe Congestive heart failure. 1987. June 4 316: 1429-1435.
15. Cohn JN, Tognoni G for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. An randomized Trial of the Angiotensin Receptor blocker Valsartan in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 : 345: 1667-1675.
16. McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS et al: Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014. 371: 993-1004.
17. Felker GM, O’Connor CM: Inotropic therapy for heart failure: an evidence based approach. Am Heart J 2001: 142 : 393-401.
18. Cuffe MS, Califf R, Adams KF et al: The Outcomes of a Prospective Trial in Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic heart failure (OPTIME-CHF) Investigators. Short term Intravenous Milrinone for acute exacerbations of chronic heart failure. A randomized control trial. JAMA. 2002: 287: 1541-1547.
19. O’Connor CM, Starling RC, Hernandez AF et al: Effect of Nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011: 365: 32-43.
20. Swedberg K, Komajda M Bohm M et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heat failure (SHIFT) A randomized placebo controlled study. Lancet 2010 Sep 11 376: 875-885.
21. Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D et al: A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: insights from mechanical activation strain mapping. J Amer Coll Cardiol. 2004. 44. 1619-1625.
22. Cazeau S, Ritter P, Bakdach S : Four chamber pacing in dilated cardiomyopathy. Pacin Clin Electorphysiol . 1994. 17. 1974-1979.
23. Gras D, Leclereq C, Tang AS et al. A Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in advanced heart failure. The multicenter In Sync clinical study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002: 4 : 311-320.
24. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL et al. Multicenter In Sync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). N Engl J Med. 2002 346. 1845-1853.
25. Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, Bochmer JP et al. The Heart Failure Soceity of America Executive Summary. HFSA 2010 comprehensice practice guidelines. J Card Fail 2010. June 16, (6) e: 1-194.
26. Mirowski M, Mower MM. Transvenous Automatic Defibrillator as an approach to prevention of sudden death from ventricular fibrillation. Heart Lung. 1973. 2: 867-869.
27. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk of ventricular arrhythmia. Mutlicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996. 355: 1933-1940.
28. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ . Prophylactic Implantation of defibrillator in patient with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002. 346 : 877-883.
29. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB. Amiodarone or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jan 20. 352: 225-237.
30. Kenneth D, Vardas PE, Angelo A et al. 2010 Focused Update of ESC guidelines on device therapy in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Nov. 12: 1143-1153.
31. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013: 62(16). e147 –e 239.
32. Domian IJ, Buikema JW, de Boer RA, van der Meer P. Stem Cells in Heart Failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010. Jul 12: 642-644.
33. Strauer BE, Yousef M, Schannwell CM. The STAR Heart Study. The acute and long term effects on intracoronary stem cell transfusion in 191 patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010: 12: 721-729.
34. Jaski BE, Jessup ML, Mancini DM et al. Calcium Upregulation by Percutaneous administration of gene therapy in cardiac disease.(CUPID Trial). A first-in-human phase 1/2, clinical trial. J Card Fail. 2009. 15: 171-181.
